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Betelgeuse Just Isn’t That Cool: Effective Temperature Alone Cannot Explain the Recent Dimming of Betelgeuse suggests that the recent dimming might be caused by increased optical absorption by dust around the star, based on a spectral analysis.

Question: The images below show absorption features assigned to titanium oxide (TiO) around Betelgeuse. Why are these features saw-tooth shaped? When I think of absorption edges the transmitted light drops when crossing from lower to higher energy photons, but here the measured light increases from lower to higher energy.

note 1: A quick check shows that these shapes are typical, so it's really just a matter of me not understanding why these features have the particular shapes that they do.

note 2: There is some discussion of Betelgeuse's titanium lines in the second half of Scott Manley's Astronomers Think They Know Why Betelgeuse Got Dimmer

Fig. 1.— Optical spectrophotometry of Betelgeuse from 2020 (black) and 2004 (red)

Fig. 1.— Optical spectrophotometry of Betelgeuse from 2020 (black) and 2004 (red).

Fig. 2.— Normalized and continuum-flattened spectra of Betelgeuse from 2020 and 2004

Fig. 2.— Normalized and continuum-flattened spectra of Betelgeuse from 2020 (black) and 2004 (red dashed), illustrating the relative depths of the Teff-sensitive TiO bands (labeled) in both spectra.

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    $\begingroup$ From the first look at 1D spectrum, it reminds me of when trace is not perfectly parallel to x or y axis and the periodic sawtooth shape like that can happen when you do integer approximation (because pixel is integer but trace can land at any continuous values) during the aperture extraction. This effect is mitigated by using larger aperture, or using interpolation to avoid integer approximation. $\endgroup$
    – Kornpob Bhirombhakdi
    Commented Nov 20, 2020 at 14:38
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    $\begingroup$ This sort of shape is typical of absorption/emission features of asymmetric diatomic molecules (e.g., CO, TiO); it has everything to do with the quantum mechanics of molecules and nothing to do with aperture extraction. $\endgroup$
    – Peter Erwin
    Commented May 6, 2022 at 12:10
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    $\begingroup$ I could be totally off base here, but maybe it’s the result of asymmetrical line broadening? Perhaps instead of increasing and then dropping like it appears to, the peak is the continuum, and up until that point it was being pulled down by the previous TiO line being broadened in just one direction. This would be inconsistent with figure two, so it’s definitely not the sole perpetrator here, but might play a role? $\endgroup$
    – Justin T
    Commented Aug 15, 2022 at 19:46
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    $\begingroup$ Just bumped into this, pertaining to the TiO bands being sawtooth shaped: britastro.org/observations/…. See the last sentence of the second paragraph. Apparently due to rotation and vibration of TiO molecules in relatively cool stellar atmospheres. But I still do not know why the bands are sawtooth shaped. $\endgroup$
    – Ed V
    Commented Aug 26, 2022 at 0:45
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    $\begingroup$ @EdV That's a beautiful paper with a very nice looking sawtooth pattern reproduced, thanks! Yes I don't know what it is saying either. I think it's time for a new question post, now deciding between Chemistry SE and Matter Modeling SE and will probably choose the latter because your paper is the result of exactly the kin of modeling they talk about there. $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Commented Feb 1, 2023 at 21:20

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