Planets are more or less spherical, can you tell which one is the most asymmetric? Do they figure out such a property from an eccentric behaviour, or what?
I have a simple technical question: an asymmetric body gets a torque in a gravitational field, is the rotational energy/acceleration to be subtracted from the regular energy/acceleration? In other words: does an asymmetric planet get less radial acceleration than a perfect spherical one?
What is the most asymmetric known planet?
That depends on what you mean by asymmetric, on what counts as planet, and on what parts of a planet are to be considered / excluded. The dominant feature of many planets is that they aren't quite spherical due to their rotation. If that counts then Saturn is the winner. Saturn's poles are 5900 km closer to Saturn's center of mass than are points on Saturn's equator.
That oblateness is however exactly the shape an object such as Saturn is expected to take on. It means that Saturn is in an equilibrium shape. Moreover, it has a very definite axis of symmetry, the rotation axis. So that's probably not what is meant in the question as being asymmetric. All of the giant planets are quite symmetric by this standard. We need to look to the terrestrial planets.
One concept that might be of aid is the center of mass - center of figure offset of each of the four terrestrial planets. Do the oceans count? Do the icecaps count? Excluding the oceans but not the ice leads to COM-COF offset of about 2100 meters. Including both leads to a COM-COF offset of about 800 meters, about the same as Mercury and Venus. Mars however has the Earth beat by far. Various estimates place the Mars COM-COF offset between 2.5 km and 3.3 km.
Another approach is to look at how lumpy the planet's gravitational field is. Mars once again is the winner in this regard.
I have a simple technical question: an asymmetric body gets a torque in a gravitational field, is the rotational energy/acceleration to be subtracted from the regular energy/acceleration? In other words: does an asymmetric planet get less radial acceleration than a perfect spherical one?
No. In a system of particles bound by central forces such as self-gravitation, Coulomb forces, and chemical bonds, the acceleration of the system's center of mass is the net sum of the external forces acting on the individual particles, divided by the total mass.
