Why does the concentration-mass relation of galaxy clusters have a negative slope?

Question

As reported in some recent observational works works (ref. Merten et al. 2015) the concentration-mass relation of galaxy clusters has a negative slope. This means that at a fixed redshift, haloes with a higher mass have a lower concentration.

Some old works say this is a consequence of the fact that the concentration depends only on the density at the assembly time. For instance, Bhattacharya et al. 2013 says:

The correlation of halo concentration with mass is based on the idea—as first explicated by NFW—that the concentration is determined by the mean density of the universe when the halo is assembled, with higher concentrations corresponding to higher densities. Thus cluster mass halos, which are assembling today, should have a lower concentration than halos of lower mass that were built up at an earlier epoch, where the mean density was higher. Furthermore, one may expect this trend to flatten out (sufficiently) beyond the nonlinear mass scale $M_∗$, and therefore, since $M_∗$ falls rapidly with redshift, flatten out over an extended range in mass as redshift increases.

I cannot understand how this can lead to a negative slope between the concentration and the mass

Answer 1

The hierarchical picture of cosmology posits that the smallest structures formed first, early in the evolution of the Universe, and that more massive systems assemble from these initial structures. The smallest structures therefore have the highest concentrations according to the picture you present, as the Universe had a higher mean density at the time. As the Universe evolves, the average density decreases, and the largest systems form from the smaller structures. Therefore, the higher the mass of the system, the smaller the concentration, whereas the smallest structures keep their initial concentration from their formation time.

The key here is that smaller structures are older than larger structures, therefore have a higher concentration.