If the planetary geocentric position of the moon is known (say, longitude "254°31'35"") is it possible to calculate such position for north/south (ascending/descending) moon nodes? Or what else needs to be known?
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In short, no.
The lunar nodes vary in a roughly uniform fashion, taking about 18 years to vary by 360 degrees. The longitude of the moon at a given time is not part of the calculation.
The details are complex, since they involve the dynamics of a three body system. Nasa has a system called "SPICE" that lets you calculate positions of orbiting bodies. There is a web interface to spice available. And the details of using this to calculate lunar nodes is described on the space exploration stack exchange
A rough calculation can be done by approximating by a linear function of time.