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A planet made from denser material than Earth might have equal gravity to Earth but a smaller radius. How small can a planet be and still have Earth gravity?

Ideally it should be habitable by humans, so not made of anything dangerous, radioactive or unstable.

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The surface gravity of a planet is very close to $$g=\frac{4\pi G}{3}\rho r.$$ With $g$ to be kept constant, and $\frac{4\pi G}{3}$ a constant, we need $\rho_Pr_P=\rho_Er_E$, or $$r_P=\frac{\rho_E}{\rho_P}r_E,$$ with $\rho_E=5.515 \mbox{ g}/\mbox{cm}^3$ the mean density of Earth, $r_E=6371.0 \mbox{ km}$ the mean radius of Earth, $\rho_P=22.59\mbox{ g}/\mbox{cm}^3$ the density of densest natural element osmium, and $r_P$ the radius of the fictive osmium planet.

Hence $$r_P=\frac{5.515}{22.59}r_E=0.2441~r_E=1555\mbox{ km}.$$

Some compression of the core of an osmium planet due to pressure is neglected.

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  • $\begingroup$ Wow that's really small on the planet scale. $\endgroup$
    – TheBluegrassMathematician
    Commented Apr 30, 2014 at 1:56
  • $\begingroup$ Yeah, that is small; that's half the size of Mercury. $\endgroup$
    – LDC3
    Commented Apr 30, 2014 at 2:10
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    $\begingroup$ Notably, despite having the same surface gravity of Earth, this "osmium-earth" has less than 0.1 times the mass. $\endgroup$
    – zaratustra
    Commented Apr 30, 2014 at 15:23
  • $\begingroup$ Why would osmium be the limit though? Neutron stars are much denser. I realize you can't make a planet out of neutron star material, but surely there are things denser than osmium? $\endgroup$
    – user21
    Commented Feb 21, 2015 at 16:04
  • $\begingroup$ There's probobly not anything denser than Osmium in this context. Certainly there's denser material, even in our solar-system. The density at the core of our sun is about 150 g/CM3, but that's only possible under enormous pressure. The density of a white dwarf is much greater than that and the density of a neutron star, much greater still, but if you're talking about 1 earth gravity, neutron star material or white dwarf material would probobly be unstable and fly apart. There are some theories that say it could maintain integrity, but that's uncertain and I think unlikely $\endgroup$
    – userLTK
    Commented Apr 21, 2015 at 9:03

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