Why is twilight longer in summer than winter and shortest at the equinox

Question

I recently decided to set my alarm clock to wake me up when it is "dark" out. In the end, I decided to set my clock to the earliest time that nautical sunrise is in my state (Illinois) and stick with that all year.

While doing some research for this, I noticed something that surprised me. Check out this disparity between astronomical sunrise to civil sunrise for the solstices and equinox (the latter two adjusted for daylight saving time):

Date/Astronomical/Civil/Disparity

• Dec 20: 0533 - 0640 (67 minutes)
• Mar 20: 0526 - 0630 (64 minutes)
• Jun 20: 0320 - 0451 (91 minutes)

To be honest, these sets of ranges surprise me for multiple reasons. I clearly don't know what I don't know, but here are some questions I can formulate:

1. Why would twilight be longer in summer than winter? Before seeing this data, I had assumed that since the sun makes a more perpendicular path through the horizon in summer that twilight would be shorter in summer than in winter. After all, in winter the sun takes a "slanted" path across the horizon. Wouldn't the summer's path be more direct and therefore quicker?
2. OK: seeing this empirical evidence I conclude that something is wrong with my premise that forms my first question. Summer twilight is longer in summer than winter. However, I still would have assumed that March 20 would have had a twilight length in between the two solstices. But it's not! Why does the equinox have the shortest twilight?

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Appended 5/13/2014:

I didn't want to leave my original incorrect statement in here without flagging it. As Cheekhu points out below, the sun does not follow a more perpendicular path in summer than winter, as I had erroneously assumed and stated above. See his post for more details.

Answer 1

See this diagram,

Now, the slant appears to be the same for June and December Solstices, doesn't it? First thing, it is a wrong conception that Sun travels more "perpendicular" to horizon in the summers. It just reaches a higher point as you can see, not that the slant is more.

Where does the disparity come in?

Civil Sunrise begins when the Sun is 6° below the horizon, Nautical Sunrise begins when it is 12° below the horizon and 18° for Astronomical Sunrise.

So, the Civil/Astronomical Disparity is due to the extra 12° of altitude that the Sun has to cover. Now, the diagram I have posted is better to explain the sunset, so let it be that way. It is just the same for our purpose.

The motion of the sun is uniform along the circles that you see. But these angles which decide our sunrise are measured perpendicular to the horizon, from the zenith. Are you aware of what happens when you project circular motion along a straight line?

That's right. You get a sinusoidal curve. The special thing about this curve is that it changes fast at some points and slow at others. Transit is the position when the Sun is highest in the sky. In the curve for equinox (as in Fig 1), if you assign 0° to that point, the Sun is at 90° at sunset and -90° at sunrise. Both positions give you the peak of a sine curve and the change is lowest at that point. That might explain why you get the least difference at Equinox.

Now, if you consider the curves for June/December solstice (as in Fig 1), the position for sunset/sunrise is a little off 90°, hence rate of change is faster there as compared to the equinox.

That should explain why the disparity is larger at solstices as compared to equinox. But what about the difference in June and Decemeber solstice?

Now, my dear, you are entering dangerous territories. Let me remind you that the line/plane along which we are making our degree measurements is perpendicular to horizon. But the plane of circular motion is still at an angle to it. So, the sinusoidal curve has to go through another set of projections before you get the exact thing. On Equator, the disparity between the solstices vanish, yes, as the aforementioned two planes align.

Anyway, I was hoping to give you a qualitative description just so you get the gist of it. Here are the equations if you need a mathematical idea

$$\cos a = \sin \delta \sin \phi + \cos \delta \cos \phi \cos H$$,

$a$ is (90+6)° for civil sunrise/set, and (90+18)° for astronomical sunrise/set,

$\delta$ is declination of Sun on that date. Google it.

$\phi$ is latitude of the place

To get the disparity, you need to find $H$ from the formula for two values of $a$ and get their difference. Remember to divide by 15 to convert from degrees to hours.

Here is a graph showing disparity along declination(-23.5° to +23.5°)

Answer 2

This isn't really an answer, but more of a visualization (click for full size of 1024x768) based on the formulas from Need Simple equation for Rise, Transit, and Set time -- hope it helps

Answer 3

I have a friend who is an astronomy professor. I pointed him to this post and he shared an answer I'll post on his behalf in case it's helpful to others. His comment here references the first diagram posted by Cheeku.

An easier way to see this is to look at the circles that the Sun makes at different declinations (angles north or south of the equator). The biggest circle is when the Sun is at the celestial equator, which corresponds to the equinoxes. Since the Sun needs to complete its circle in 24 hours regardless of how big the circle is, the Sun's daily motion will be fastest near the equinoxes and so twilight will be the shortest then. Comparing the two solstices, the main difference is that in summer the Sun doesn't get that far below the horizon before it turns around and starts to rise. Its vertical motion at night is thus very slow. That makes the twilight longest in the summer.

Answer 4

I think the fundamental misunderstanding people have is that the ecliptic is "high in the summer, low in the winter, and about half way in between near spring/fall". But the ecliptic moves throughout the day, so it will not make the same angle with the horizon at sunset as it does at solar noon.

At solar noon on the summer solstice, the ecliptic will be the the highest in the sky it will ever be, and the Sun will be on the highest point on the ecliptic. But, later that same night, at solar midnight, you will be facing the same direction as you would be at the winter solstice, and so the ecliptic will be the lowest it will ever be in the sky. The only difference is that the Sun will not be visible.

So, every day (more specifically every sidereal day) the ecliptic goes from its highest point in the sky, to it's lowest point in the sky, and everything in between. The only thing that changes through the seasons is where the Sun is on the ecliptic.

So, at solar noon on the Summer solstice, the sun and the ecliptic will be at their highest point. But, by sunset, the ecliptic will have moved to a lower point, making a shallower angle with the horizon, resulting in a longer twilight.

The discrepancy between twilight at the summer and winter solstices is partly due to them not making the same angle with the horizon, and partly do to how the steepness is changing. In the winter, the angle will still be getting steeper at sunset, and in the summer, it will be getting shallower.