# Could the dinosaurs have seen the asteroid that killed them?

Wikipedia says the Chicxulub impactor is thought to have been a 10-15 km diameter object. Would it have been visible to a (human*) naked eye before impact? And if so, would it have appeared like a star that grew brighter and brighter each night?

* I know, there were no humans at the time.

• I'm assuming if you were right under it, you'd definitely be able to see it, y'know, before it hit you. – Valorum Feb 1 '18 at 9:33
• Chances are if they did not see it, they did feel it. – Neil Meyer Feb 1 '18 at 12:49
• A lot of dinosaurs seem to have had ridges over their eyes and inflexible necks so whether they could look up at all is in question. – hwerwerh Feb 1 '18 at 13:08
• No, they only looked down at the food they ate. That's what killed them. – Mikhail Katz Feb 1 '18 at 14:00
• That and an asteroid :-) – Laurence Payne Feb 1 '18 at 23:00

Impacting solar system objects would have relative closing speeds from around 11 to 72 km/s.

We could take the optimal case that the asteroid approaches whilst fully lit by the Sun (which I think precludes the minimum and maximum speed in the range quoted above) and then scale from another similar body - say the asteroid Vesta. This has a diameter of around $a=520$ km, gets as close as $d=1.14$ au from the Earth and has a maximum brightness of about $m=5.2$ apparent magnitude (and hence just visible to the naked eye) and an observed flux $f = f_0 10^{-0.4m}$, where $f_0$ is a zeropoint for the magnitude scale.

Thus the flux $f_n$ received by a near-Earth asteroid of diameter $a_n$, at a distance $d_n$ from Earth and with the same reflectivity would be $$f_n = f\left(\frac{a_n}{a}\right)^2 \left(\frac{1+d}{1+d_n}\right)^2 \left(\frac{d}{d_n}\right)^2$$

The magnitude of the dinosaur killer would then be $$m_n = m -2.5\log (f/f_n)$$

To be an at all conspicuous naked eye object, $f_n \geq f$. If we assume $a_n=10$km, then $$d_n^2(1+d_n)^2 \leq 0.0022$$

An approximate solution is obtained by assuming $d_n \ll 1$ and thus we find $d_n \leq 0.047$ au or 7 million km.

Moving at say 30 km/s, then it gets closer by 2.6 million km per day, thus hitting the Earth about 3 days after becoming a naked eye object. Obviously this would be longer for a slower approach speed or for a larger or more reflective asteroid. But shorter for a smaller, faster asteroid or if the asteroid approached from a direction not fully illuminated by the Sun.

It thus seems to me that there is a plausible range of parameters and trajectories where a dinosaur-killing asteroid could be observed and then observed to grow brighter over a few nights, but probably not much longer than that.

• An unstated assumption is that dinosaur eyes are as good at night vision as human eyes, no better or worse :) – gerrit Feb 1 '18 at 12:22
• @gerrit Question says "human" naked eye. No unstated assumptions there. – Rob Jeffries Feb 1 '18 at 13:45
• it would be brighter than venus for 20 minutes and brighter than the moon for about 3 minutes if you were on the same 2000 miles. – com.prehensible Feb 1 '18 at 13:57
• @gerrit Most extant dinosaur species have better eyesight than your average mammal, so the same may well be true of extinct species. – Mike Scott Feb 1 '18 at 19:53
• @MikeScott While it's not an entirely unreasonable suggestion, it does bear mentioning that extant dinosaurs are a) in aggregate smaller, so more dependent on fine vision, b) almost universally fly, so more dependent on gross vision, and more dependent on discerning detail at range, and c) have 65 million years of dinosauring it up on their extinct brethren. – Williham Totland Feb 3 '18 at 19:39

A carbonaceous condrite has the same reflectivity as the moon at around 7-13%.

If there was ice, if the tail was 10 times smaller than hail bopp, it would have auspiciously covered half of the sky. it could have made an incredible display in the 1-2 days preceding the collision, because it was as close to the sun as hale bopp, the brightest astronomical apparition in history, although it was 100 times closer to the earth in the final days than Hale Bopp. Hale Bopps trail was 1.5 million km long, so the KT asteroid would have needed a tail 100 times smaller, to appear as bright as Hale Bopp in the final 2 days! https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.space.com/amp/20354-dinosaur-extinction-caused-by-comet.html

moon distance / moon diameter = the moon is 107 moon diameters away, so you can cover the moon with a thumb at arms length ( ~1cm/107cm) and the impactor would be nearly thumb sized at: comet diameter * 107 = 1500km away.

If you were 1000km south of Chixculub, it would stay fairly constantly thumb sized for 10-20 seconds as it arrived from the South-East at 60 degrees, and in that time it would travel from 1500km above to 1000km on the horizon. The graph suggests it had a rotation period of about 2 to 10 seconds, so it would have revolved noticeably.

If you were 100km away from the impact, it would grow from thumb size to hand sized for 10-20 seconds. Then it would hit the atmosphere at 50km and the sky would ignite about 5 seconds prior to landfall.

For most of the dinosaurs far away it would be like holding a pea or a matchstick at arms length.

Perhaps it would be a brighter than venus from 75000 km away that's about 125 minutes prior to the impact.

It would have been like a fire fly landing slowly on a tennis court if the dino was on the other side of the world.

Mammals were nocturnal previous to the impact which is why mammals have developed whiskers, awesome hearing and only bichromatic photoreceptors of G.B, and mammal skin burns from UV. Only primates have R.G.B. Dinosaurs had R.G.B because birds have the same gene to encode red photoreceptors as tortoises who can also see red, so scientists think that dino's had vision as good as birds, and have better vision than mammals, especially used for detecting movement and for flying.

EDIT: On wiki, the estimated diameter of the comet has been changed to 10-80km. Hale-Bopp comet was 20-40km, and it was visible for months as one of the brightest comets in human history, with a similar aphelion of 0.914AU. That implies that the dinosaur comet may have been visible for many days prior to impact, because it would have been 5 times closer than Hale-Bopp at the end. It's possible that it was very bright in the sky for a week prior to impact.

• Can you imagine seeing a moon sized object for 10-20 seconds prior to impact? I like your answer, even if it needs citations, cause I like thinking about what objects would look like. Once it hits the atmosphere it's a fireball, but a 5 km object would be about moon size at 550 km (or several seconds) if you were under it. The most fun impact would be a near Earth object, where earth's distance wouldn't significantly accelerate it at first, so it grows larger slowly and you could watch it over time, a few days perhaps a week or two as a 2nd moon, as it moves closer and more menacing. – userLTK Feb 2 '18 at 14:19
• A huge number of claims, no reference or calculation to back it up, and three paragraphs that are incomprehensible or irrelevant or factually wrong. The moon is a bit bigger than 15km and a bit further away than 1470km. – Nij Feb 2 '18 at 20:00
• The comet was 15km, as it's written in the first post, so the comet would be as big as the moon at 1470km, i'll edit to be clearer. sorry about that. – com.prehensible Feb 3 '18 at 13:38