Assume that a spacecraft is instantaneously accelerated at the Earth's surface (disregarding the atmosphere for simplicity). We'll consider this from the Sun's reference frame; in other words, the Sun is stationary and the Earth is moving around it.
The spacecraft is accelerated to a velocity which is precisely equal and opposite to the orbital velocity of the Earth around the Sun, making it completely stationary in the instant after the acceleration.
What happens next? Well, we can consider the forces acting on the spacecraft:
- The Earth's gravity causes a force in the direction of Earth.
- The Sun's gravity causes a force in the direction of the Sun.
The stationary spacecraft is therefore going to accelerate towards the Earth and towards the Sun. Since the Earth is moving away quickly on its orbital path, the gravitational force is not enough to pull the spacecraft back into an Earth orbit; however, it will nudge the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit.
To demonstrate the situation, I have created a small simulation which can be viewed in a desktop browser. Click here to try the simulation. (You can click "View this program" to check the code, and refresh the page to restart the simulation.)
The simulation is physically accurate (ignoring the effects of other planets), but the spheres have been enlarged for easy interpretation. The Earth is represented as green, while the Sun is orange and the spacecraft is white. Note that, while the spheres representing the spacecraft and Sun intersect, the distance between the two physical objects is always larger than 3.35 solar radii.
This screenshot shows how the spacecraft has been pulled into an elliptical orbit by the Earth:

Finally, we could consider a more realistic scenario where the spacecraft is accelerated until it reaches zero velocity (again, in the Sun's reference frame) at a certain distance from the Earth. At the instant it reaches zero velocity, the engine is stopped.
In this case, the result is essentially the same: there are still forces exerted by the Earth and the Sun, so an elliptical orbit will result. The further the rocket is from the Earth when it reaches zero velocity, the more elliptical the orbit. If the Earth is so far away that its gravity is negligible, the spacecraft will fall directly towards the Sun.