# How dark/bright are polar nights?

During the polar night directly at the pole the Sun sets once and—after a period of twilight—stays down for months at a time.

The only sources of non-human-made light are the stars, the auroras, and the sunlight reflected by the moon.

Yet when I see various photos of, for example, Amundsen-Scott base during this period, the sky (and the ground illuminated by it) is often quite bright. Here is a timelapse of August, which should be way outside even the civil twilight for this period: https://youtu.be/cf14SL7m8Ys

Is there an issue with photo-sensitivity of the cameras?

Are these sources of illumination actually bright enough to turn the middle of the night into something more twilight-like (if not day-like) when perceived by a human eye? If so, how much of the polar night is actually dark, percentage-wise?

That's a timelaps video, most likely created from a sequence of photos. It's easy to choose sensitivity and ISO settings on normal cameras such that the night sky at the darkest night is over-exposed. The moon light looks like sunlight - as it simply is reflected sunlight.

E.g. see https://cloud.planetmaker.de/index.php/s/yJ7AXWG4dEC6csW - it's a an exposure of several seconds taken several hours after sunset in November in Kiruna, Sweden... the over-exposed part in the center are headlights of a car, the rest is illuminated by the nearly-full moon at that time.

As children of modern civilisation living in urban areas, we are simply not accustomed anymore to how bright even nights can be when you had sufficient time to adopt - and cameras can do that instantly. In arctic (or generally snowy) regions, the snow adds a lot to the overall brightness as it reflects the little available light at night extremely well.

• Thanks for an interesting point. I am more accustomed to nights being extremely dark without man-made lights, as the only times I found myself away from light pollution of civilization were under heavy cloud cover, making everything pitch black. – Heagon Sep 10 at 16:02
• When I go to bed at night my bedroom is just about totally black, with just a few linty glowing lights from electronic devices. When I wake up in the middle of the night I find that my eyes have adapted and the room looks like various shades of gray instead of black to my now dark adapted eyes and I can see where I am going quite well. And apparently a camera can be instantly adjusted to make the same transformation in how brightly lite the scene looks. – M. A. Golding Sep 10 at 16:35

tl;dr: You are seeing Astronomical twilight growing brighter through the month of August 2017 at the south pole!

For more on the Moon's motion see the excellent answer to How does the Moon move in the "night" sky as seen from the poles?

Here are two screenshots and a calculation of the altitude and azimuth of the Moon and the Sun throughout the month of August 2017 from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

The solid blueish line is for the Moon, the dashed orangish line is for the Sun. You can see that while the Moon dips below the horizon for the middle third of the month, the Sun is always below the horizon. However twilight is approaching and the Sun is only about 10 degrees below the horizon near the end of the month.

Astronomical dawn begins when the Sun at 18 degrees below the horizon and the Sun is above -18 degrees for the entire month!

Also note that while the Sun and Moon spend much of the month at very different azimuth positions, opposite each other around the 8th and nearly the same azimuth around the 22nd.

I've also taken two screen shots and calculated the positions of the Moon and Sun at their timestamps. It looks like the camera is pointed at an azimuth of about 250 degrees, the Moon is clearly above the horizon at the beginning of the month and a nice twilight glow from 14.4 degrees below the horizon reveals the Sun's position.

                 left                              right
------------------------        ------------------------
object           The Moon                           The Sun
UTC ISO     2017-08-02T02:34:56Z            2017-08-13T18:50:03Z
alt(elev)   <Angle 15deg 34' 47.4">         <Angle -14deg 25' 57.5">
azimuth     <Angle 256deg 39' 49.6">        <Angle 258deg 40' 32.9">
distance    <Distance 0.00269439 au>        <Distance 1.01304 au>


Here is the Python script used for this information, which is based on the excellent Skyfield package.

from skyfield.api import Loader, Topos
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

halfpi, pi, twopi = [f*np.pi for f in (0.5, 1, 2)]

ts = load.timescale() # include builtin=True if you want to use older files (you may miss some leap-seconds)

earth, sun, moon = [eph[x] for x in ('earth', 'sun', 'moon')]
AS = earth + Topos('90.0 S', '0.0 E', elevation_m = 2835)

hours = np.arange(24*31)
days = hours/24 + 1
times = ts.utc(2017, 8, 1, hours)

malt, maz = [thing.radians for thing in AS.at(times).observe(moon).apparent().altaz()[:2]]
salt, saz = [thing.radians for thing in AS.at(times).observe(sun).apparent().altaz()[:2]]

plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(days, to_degs * malt, '-')
plt.plot(days, to_degs * salt, '--')
plt.plot(days, np.full_like(days, fill_value=-18.),
'-k', linewidth=0.5) # twilight
plt.xlim(1, 31.98)
plt.ylabel('altitude (deg)')
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(days, to_degs * maz, '-')
plt.plot(days, to_degs * saz, '--')
plt.xlim(1, 31.98)
plt.ylabel('azimuth (deg)')
plt.xlabel('days')
plt.suptitle('Moon from Amundsen-Scott August 2017')
plt.show()

t1, t2 = ts.utc(2017, 8, 2, 2, 34, 56), ts.utc(2017, 8, 13, 18, 50, 3)

print(t1.utc_iso(), AS.at(t1).observe(moon).apparent().altaz())
print(t2.utc_iso(), AS.at(t2).observe(sun).apparent().altaz())