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In 1761, many expeditions were launched to determine the distance to the Sun using parallax during the transit of Venus. Prior to the 1761 transit, what was the best estimate for the Earth-Sun distance?
In antiquity, Aristarchus found that the Earth-Sun distance was 20 times the Earth-Moon distance, which is a very gross underestimate. Were there any better measurements than Aristarchus' measurement in the early 18th century?
It's hard to tell because estimates prior to 1761 were all over the map, ranging from 0.047 astronomical units to 1.466 astronomical units. A much better way of putting it: There were no good estimates of the distance between the Earth and the Sun prior to the 1761 transit of Venus.
References
Aristaurus gives a calculation which would result in a value for the Earth-Sun distance of about 0.016-0.065AU, clearly that's a long way out. The true value is 1.00 AU
Archimedes gives a value that would correspond to 0.43AU, other Ancient authors gave a range of values, all less than 0.5AU and many were close to Aristaurus's value. So among ancient writers, all we can really say is that "They had no idea how far the sun was".
Kepler and his laws of planetary motion could show that values of 0.02au were far too small (since then a very significant parallax would be visible in venus) but couldn't say with precision how far out.
In the 17th century, telescopic measurements of the Earth-Sun-Moon angle allowed for Aristaurus's method to be used with greater precision and yielded values of 0.5 or more
Huygens made a number of assumptions on the size of the planets and came up with a very good value of 1.068AU, but his reasoning was faulty. This value is more luck than good maths. However, Cassini used observations of Martian parallax (and a good estimate of the size of the Earth) to get a well-calcuated value of 0.925AU
This was the best estimate prior to the measurement using transit of Venus.
