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Refractors only use the length of the telescope once, reflectors twice, catadioptric telescopes like those of the Schmidt-Cassegrain design three times. Have telescopes been built that reflect the incoming light at least once more?

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Cool question!

If you allow for flat mirrors, I've seen five myself. Answer(s) to How did I flip some mirrors around in the dark at 3 AM and change the focal length of a 24 inch Boller and Chivens? show four mirrors and there was one more on the floor below to make the beam horizontal. If you count the aluminized reflective grating as a mirror it was six.

title ALL IMAGES: click for larger size

For more info, see Nasmyth and coudé focus


For more examples of three mirrors built into the telescope itself (as opposed to an eyepiece diagonal for viewing, see answer(s) to

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For more little mirrors that send light to different instruments, see answers to

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But three or more curved mirrors is interesting

One example is the Hubble Space Telescope using the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 or WFPC2.

Basically it is another whole telescope inside the Hubble, re-imaging the primary focal plane with a second purely reflective optical Cassegrain system to avoid chromatic aberration. (There would be no way to correct a fused silica lens system from 115 to 1050 nm.)

From what-when-how Hubble: The Big Telescope

Figure 3.36 WFPC2 optics. Light enters the optical train from the main telescope at left.

what-when-how Hubble: The Big Telescope

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    $\begingroup$ I suppose increasing the focal length by reflecting the image through the entire length of the telescope again isn't too sensible/too difficult to construct $\endgroup$
    – 2080
    May 21, 2021 at 20:06
  • $\begingroup$ @2080 that's an interesting thought! The f/24 beam (f= 57.6 m / d = 2.4 m) is already on the longish side and the primary focal plane is pretty big so that multiple instruments sample different areas of the focal plane. For some instruments perhaps f/24 is okay, for others like the original WFPC2 it needed to be lengthened. It's really surprising to find out how little of the Hubble's primary focal plane is used at any one time for astronomy. I think you can ask that as a new question and get some interesting answers! $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    May 22, 2021 at 0:17

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