Since both Eris and Dysnomia have been captured on a single image, is it possible to shoot multiple images of them to see how they rotate around each other? Has this been attempted? We don't know much about Dysnomia, but observing its revolution around Eris could shed some light on its characteristics. Eris-Dysnomia is believed to have the 2nd-highest mass ratio, after Pluto-Charon.
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1$\begingroup$ There have been multiple images of Eris/Dysnomia: The discovery was on the Keck telescopes, your image is from Hubble. The ALMA observatory has studied it, and these are only the observations mentioned by Wikipedial. $\endgroup$– James KCommented Jun 26, 2021 at 7:50
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$\begingroup$ @JamesK I mean shooting an image by the same camera (e.g. Hubble's), and put them together so that the rotation pattern becomes evident, like New Horizons did with Pluto-Charon. Eris' axial tilt is 78 deg which should make it easy to see Dysnomia revolve around it. $\endgroup$– JohnCommented Jun 26, 2021 at 8:51
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Has the rotation of Eris and Dysnomia been observed?
is it possible to shoot multiple images of them to see how they rotate around each other? Has this been attempted?
Yes! Yes! and Yes!
From the 2020 preprint The Eris/Dysnomia system I: The orbit of Dysnomia found in Wikipedia's Dysnomia (moon) see the following Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 images.
Don't worry that Eris doesn't appear at the center of the ellipse(s) shown for Dysnomia's orbit. Projections like this will turn one ellipse into another ellipse of a different shape, but will not map foci correctly. For more on that see this answer to Why does Earth not appear to be at the focus of TESS' elliptical orbit in this video? and links therein.
Figure 1: Median of the four 348-second images from six visits of HST 15171 stretched to show both Eris and Dysnomia (denoted by the arrow). All images are shown using the same stretch and are rotated so that North is up and East is to the left. The median UT date and time are given for each image. Visits 1, 2, & 4 are along the top row; visits 5, 6, & 53 are along the bottom row. Visit 3 consisted of only two usable images so we do not present the median image here.
Figure 2: Projected orbit of Dysnomia. North is up and East is to the left, in the direction of increasing right ascension. Eris is to-scale in the center (∼30 mas diameter). The blue squares represent the positions of Dysnomia from Epoch 1. The red circles represent the positions of Dysnomia in Epoch 2. These symbols are not scaled to the estimated diameter of Dysnomia. Error bars are shown for all points but may be smaller than the symbol (see the supplementary material from Schaller and Brown (2007) for errors for Epoch 1 and Table 1 for Epoch 2). The blue dotted and red dashed lines represent the orbit fits to Epoch 1 and Epoch 2, respectively.
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$\begingroup$ So it really seems as if Eris would wobble on its orbit. Why don't we know Dysnomia's mass then? $\endgroup$– JohnCommented Jun 26, 2021 at 11:54
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$\begingroup$ @John reading through the paper I see they always use the terms "relative astrometry" and "system mass" almost everywhere. For example the abstract says "Using relative astrometry of Eris and Dysnomia, we computed a best-fit Keplerian orbit for Dysnomia." Later they say " If Eris and Dysnomia have the same density, 2.43 g cm−3, then Dysnomia accounts for ∼3% of the total mass of the system." They explore lower masses as well. That means Eris' motion will only be 3% as much as Dysnomia so they don't even try to measure it's motion relative to background stars. $\endgroup$– uhohCommented Jun 26, 2021 at 14:22
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$\begingroup$ In this case you get the combined mass to a 1 sigma uncertainty of 0.5% (table 2) but we must guess at whether Eris is 97% or 99& or some other very large fraction of that. See the paragraph at the bottom of page 13. If you need more, that would be an excellent new question! $\endgroup$– uhohCommented Jun 26, 2021 at 14:22