# Future of CMB observations: How will our knowledge of the early universe change?

The Planck satellite has been presented and awaited for a long time as the ultimate experiments for measuring temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over the full sky.

One of the big questions that still need answer and that Planck might help clarify is about the dynamics and driving mechanisms in the first phases of the universe, in particular in the period called inflation.

Thankfully there is room for improvements at small scales, i.e. small pieces of sky observed with extremely high resolution, and more importantly for experiments to measure the polarisation of CMB. I know that for the next years a number of polarisation experiments, mostly from ground and balloons, are planned (I'm not sure about satellites).

For sure some of these result will rule out some of the possible inflationary scenarios, but to which level?

Will we ever be able to say: "inflation happened this way"?

• I'm not prepared to write a full post on the topic at this moment, but one of the big things researchers are interested in measuring is a very special parameter labeled f_nl. This parameter has to do with what's known as primordial non-Gaussianity, which essentially introduces the idea that the power-spectrum of the universe is not scale-free. Oct 2 '13 at 16:38
• right. I forgot about non gaussianity. Oct 3 '13 at 12:08
• @astromax I would be interested in an answer here too, if you find time for it. Oct 5 '13 at 15:21
• Oct 15 '13 at 18:44
• We had a guest lecturer at the Uni giving a talk about the Planck satellite. He compared the map by WAMP with the much better spatial resolution of Planck and made the remark that Planck has, in terms of spatial resolution, reached the limit of real physical sizes of structures in the CMB. So, he claimed, next generation CMB-telescopes (if they are to be built) won't have better spatial resolution, because this won't be able to improve the image resolution. This is an anecdotal piece of knowledge about our limits, I hope you can look it up somehow, if you care. Jun 16 '21 at 7:18

The other thing people are looking at is this idea of primordial non-Gaussianity, which are second order corrections to the Gaussian fluctuations present in the cmb (review article; early planck results). Measuring a parameter called $f_{nl}$ (deviation from Gaussianity) has been a fairly crucial part of current and future studies and will also help rule out various inflationary models. This $f_{nl}$ parameter is defined as follows:
In this case the multipole coeﬃcients $a_{lm}$ of the CMB temperature map can be written as $$a_{lm} = a_{lm}^{(G)} + f_{nl} a_{lm}^{(NG)}$$ where $a_{lm}^{(G)}$ is the Gaussian contribution and $a_{lm}^{(NG)}$ is the non-Gaussian contribution.