Metal distribution in our solar system

Question

The sun dominates in our solar system.
I wonder whether in every aspect the sun plays the most important role in our system.

For example, all kinds of metals are mainly located in the sun instead of the rest combined together in our system?

Is there any complementary relation between the sun and its children (all the planets, asteroids etc..)?
I mean: for one kind of metal, if the sun has more, her children should have less.

According to Abundance in the Sun of the elements, at least Li and Tb abundance of the sun are very low ($\approx1e-8$). Furthermore, these abundances are from the solar atmosphere which is near the surface of the sun.

Answer 1

1. The metal content of the Solar system is completely dominated by the Sun. The Sun contains $\sim1\%$ of 'metals' (in astronomical language anything but hydrogen and helium is a 'metal'), but all the other bodies of the Solar system combined have less mass than that. So even if they were only made of metals (but the outer planets are mostly made of H and He) the Sun would still dominate the metal budget.

2. The Sun does not dominate the angular momentum of the Solar system, which is dominated by the orbital angular momentum of Jupiter. The angular momentum due to the spin of the Sun is rather modest. This is easy to estimate: the orbital angular momentum of a planet is $\sim m\sqrt{GM_\odot a}$ which increases with semi-major axis $a$, while the spin of the Sun contributes $\beta \omega M_\odot R_\odot^2$ with $\omega$ the Solar spin frequency, $R_\odot$ the Solar radius, and $\beta\sim0.1$ a factor depending on the inner structure of the Sun. The ratio of the latter to the former is $$ \beta \frac{M_\odot}{m} \frac{R_\odot^2}{a^2} \frac{\omega}{\Omega} \sim0.01 $$ For Jupiter, the first factor is $\sim10^3$, the second $\sim10^{-6}$, and the third $\sim180$ is the ratio of the Solar spin frequency (once in 25 days) to the orbital frequency $\Omega=\sqrt{GM_\odot/a^3}$ of Jupiter (once in 12 years).

Answer 2

The sun currently accounts for more than 99.86% of the mass of the solar system. Based on spectrographic estimates of the composition of the sun and its centrifugal position and the mass of metals, you can deduce it also contains the most of all kinds of metals.

Here is an example to illustrate:

• The milky way contains roughly 0.00011% of $\mathrm{Fe}$ (1.1ppm).
• The sun contains roughly 0.1% of $\mathrm{Fe}$, it contains about 333 earth masses of $\mathrm{Fe}$.
• The planets combined weigh about 500 earth masses.
• The sun contains only about 3% of our planet's weight of gold.
• The sun contains about 30% of our planet's weight of platinum.
• If you have time to do the maths, I think you will find here the same is true for other metals.

The best thing to do is probably to compare graphs of elemental abundance of the earth, and of the sun, and multiply by weight, as the earth contains a lot of heavy elements compared to further away planets.

It is estimated that the mass of the average newborn star is between 1 and 10% of baryonic elements held in a surrounding dust cloud that later forms an accretion disc.

It's my understanding that 90+ percent of the accretion disk falls into the star, depending on the star's mass compared to that of the cloud, and the rest of the metals and other elements have time to condensate into ice and asteroids and planets. I am told that about 1 percent of our solar system's composition was originally held in the dust cloud, and 99% was in the sun.

Currently, the elements in our solar system measure no more than 500 earth masses in all the planets and the Oort cloud. And the sun is 330 000 earth masses.

This means that less than 0.15 of the solar system currently lies outside of the sun. The other 85 or 850% of the original accretion disk with all its metals must have fallen into the sun, if we follow the rule that 1 to 10% of a new born star is found in its surrounding dust cloud.

Here is a list of elemental abundance for our galaxy and our solar system that is fairly interesting, I didn't find more precise figures.

Answer 3

The metals that are forming in the sun come from nuclear fusion. Everything that now exists in the sun's body came from hydrogen, which due to high temperatures is being fused into helium and helium to lithium and so on. Once hydrogen is over, that means the start of the sun's death, where the sun will shrink (meaning temperature increase) and will start expanding again and the helium will continue to be used as a fuel and there is gonna be a point were all hydrogen and helium from the core will go, due to fusion, and the sun is gonna be cool so no further fusion will occur. Eventually what will be left is a planetary nebula with a white dwarf.

I am answering to your second question:

At the beginning of creation the planets (small dust grains) where revolving around the protostar sun. Gravitational force made dust particles to come together. The inner system which includes planets up to Mars, was very hot and molecules like water could not condense so the metals and the silicates dominated and formed the inner planets. The outer planet area (after Mara) was cool enough so the water and other elements could be in a solid state. Now, about the asteroids, these are rock leftovers that did not form into planets. Asteroids mostly found in the so called "asteroid belts", which is a region between Mars and Jupiter.