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Questions regarding the closest star to Earth, at the centre of the Solar System.

5 votes
1 answer
119 views

How can astrophysicists discriminate between pp-chain solar neutrinos and CNO-cycle ones?

Astrophysicists at the Borexino experiment in Italy have recently claimed that they have detected CNO-cycle neutrinos coming from the Sun. It was the Cover story for the November 26 issue of Nature. I …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
4 votes
1 answer
102 views

Why is our heliosphere an asymmetric croissant shape?

The big, recent astronomy news about our heliosphere's asymmetric croissant shape has me confused.... Some articles mention the influence on our solar system's outermost boundary of very hot cations, …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
1 vote
0 answers
84 views

Does the north pole of the Solar System (with respect to the invariable plane) point towards...

How is our Solar System as a whole (not the wobbly Earth) tilted with respect to the invariable plane of the Milky Way? I understand our Sun's north pole is largely pointing towards our direction of o …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
7 votes
1 answer
427 views

Are red giants still primarily made of hydrogen? What is their exact composition?

How much lower is the ratio of hydrogen to helium in a red giant vs a 'normal' main sequence star like our Sun? Also, how low does the ratio get at the end of a red giant's life? (Just before it beco …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
2 votes
3 answers
1k views

Was the young Sun cooler or hotter than it is today?

Generally, astrophysicists say that the young Sun was only about 70% as warm as today, which leads to the alleged 'Faint young Sun paradox' about how a young Earth could have been as warm as it (again …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
10 votes
1 answer
3k views

Is the Sun hotter today, in terms of absolute temperature (i.e., NOT total luminosity), than...

I am constantly reading that the Sun is at least 20% 'hotter', in terms of total radiation/luminosity, than it was a few million years after its formation (i.e., after the Hayashi stage...) But what a …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
0 votes
2 answers
95 views

Does most of the Sun's energy and light come from its black-body temperature, due to its mas...

Stars have to be a certain size to initiate fusion to begin with, correct? Isn't this why brown dwarfs are considered 'failed stars'? But wouldn't the Sun (and other stars with sufficient mass, like e …
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585
2 votes
0 answers
39 views

What causes the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) Effect? Virtual Z bosons?

What causes the neutrinos to oscillate more often or rapidly? Are they being “bounced around” by Z bosons in the intense furnace of the Sun? Is it due to an intense weak current?
Kurt Hikes's user avatar
  • 5,585