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Is it possible that dark matter could collapse gravitationally, forming massive bodies similar to stars or planets?

When I say "similar", I don't mean to imply that they would undergo nuclear fusion or have solid surfaces, merely that gravitational collapse could create a much higher density of dark matter within some spherical region of a size similar to a star or planet.

My thought is that if there were, say, some billions of roughly solar-mass collapsed dark matter bodies in this galaxy, and they weren't associated with normal stars, we likely wouldn't be able to detect them. Gravitationally, they'd be part of the background noise; we can't, as far as I know, detect the gravitational influence of individual stars on each other over distances of light-years.

Is this plausible?

(What isn't plausible is that I'm the first person to think of this, so if there's existing research I'd be interested in seeing it.)

I understand that we don't know what dark matter is, and therefore this question might be unanswerable at this time.

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  • $\begingroup$ This is an interesting question! I wonder if dark matter has a compressibility, or can scatter enough to equilibrate and have a local temperature. Hopefully answers here will address that so it doesn't have to be asked separately. $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Commented Mar 15, 2021 at 22:41

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No, it's not really possible, because if it could it wouldn't be dark.

To see why this is, think about some some collection of gravitating particles which is going to to collapse to a smaller, denser collection of particles. To do this they need to lose a lot of energy: you can see why this is by thinking about where the average particle lives in the gravitational potential of all the particles.

Ordinary matter – clouds of gas and dust say – do this by getting extremely hot as they collapse, and then radiating energy electromagnetically. Ultimately collapsing clouds of gas can get hot and dense enough that nuclear fusion can start and we get stars.

Dark matter, by hypothesis, doesn't interact electromagnetically, at all: if it did it would not be dark! This means that the only way it has of losing energy is to put it into the average kinetic energy of the particles, and that means that collapse doesn't happen, because if you have a lot of particles with lots of kinetic energy they don't stay collapsed. The virial theorem is important to understanding this.

So dark matter simply lacks a mechanism to lose energy since it can't radiate it away electromagnetically, and so does not collapse.

(In fact I think there are some mechanisms: dark matter could lose energy by gravitational radiation for instance, but this is an absurdly slow process except in really extreme cases.)

To answer the second part: it certainly was (perhaps is) a possibility that there are very large numbers of compact, massive dark objects which make up dark matter. These things are known as massive compact halo objects: MACHOs (the alternative theory is weakly interacting massive particles which are, of course, WIMPs, and there are I believe also RAMBOs although I'm not sure what they are. If there are not ARNIEs there should be (perhaps one kind of these will be CONANs?)). These might either be failed stars, isolated planets or (I like this idea) small black holes: there's a wide range of possible BH masses below stellar mass BHs and the point at which they start becoming bright due to Hawking radiation. In the case of small BHs these would probably need to be primordial (made in the big bang) as there's no plausible mechanism for them being the end-point of stellar evolution.

But it turns out that such objects are observable. Because they are massive they will deflect light, and they can therefore be detected by gravitational lensing as they pass in front of more distant luminous objects (stars, really). Well, you can do the statistics of how many of these things there would need to be (which is really a lot), and how often you would expect to observe lensing events from them as a result. And then you can do a survey and look for lensing events. And the results of such surveys (some of these are pointed to by the above Wikipedia article) are that there are not nearly enough MACHOs to account for dark matter, although I think there is still a little wiggle-room, depending on who you ask.

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    $\begingroup$ There is a sneaky way to get dark collapsing matter, and that is for it to have "dark photons" carrying away energy invisibly. But that is likely incompatible with the big fluffy dark matter halos observed through gravitational lensing. One could further cheat by suggesting that maybe only some DM collapses, but at this point we are edging towards creative world-building rather than empirical physics, and Occam is sharpening his razor. $\endgroup$ Commented Mar 16, 2021 at 10:18
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    $\begingroup$ @AndersSandberg: yes, a sort of 'dark electromagnetism'. Like you I think Occam would have something to say about that! $\endgroup$
    – user38308
    Commented Mar 16, 2021 at 10:19
  • $\begingroup$ I just read about some hypothetical stuff called "mirror matter", which is apparently a candidate for dark matter. According to the Wikipedia article, "Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected that a fraction of the mirror matter exists in the form of mirror galaxies, mirror stars, mirror planets etc.". If I understand this correctly (and that's a big if), mirror matter would meet the requirements of dark matter with respect to normal matter, but would not be dark with respect to itself. $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 19, 2021 at 21:37
  • $\begingroup$ @KeithThompson: I think you'd need an explanation for why such stuff lives in halos around galaxies which it needs to do to be a DM candidate I think: why hasn't it formed galaxies of its own? $\endgroup$
    – user38308
    Commented Apr 20, 2021 at 10:52
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    $\begingroup$ @KeithThompson: I think so. I think (I am not an expert) that dark matter appears to interact essentially only gravitationally with anything, including other dark matter, so you get a very different distribution than you would if it could 'see' other dark matter in non-gravitational ways. Something based on this mirror matter idea might be a good question! $\endgroup$
    – user38308
    Commented Apr 21, 2021 at 9:44

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